Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. The cause of diabetes continues to be a mystery, although both genetics and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to play roles.

In order to determine whether or not a patient has pre-diabetes or diabetes, we conduct a Fasting Blood Glucose Test (FBG) or an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Either test can be used to diagnose pre-diabetes or diabetes. The American Diabetes Association recommends the FPG because it is easier, faster, and less expensive to perform.

With the FPG test, a fasting blood glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dl signals pre-diabetes. A person with a fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dl or higher has diabetes.

In the OGTT test, a person's blood glucose level is measured after a fast and two hours after drinking a glucose-rich beverage. If the two-hour blood glucose level is between 140 and 199 mg/dl, the person tested has pre-diabetes. If the two-hour blood glucose level is at 200 mg/dl or higher, the person tested has diabetes.

1. Type 1 Diabetes : Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and was previously known as juvenile diabetes. In type 1diabetes, the body does not produce insulin.
   
2. Type 2 Diabetes : Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. When glucose builds up in the blood instead of going into cells, it can cause two problems:
   
   
   * Right away, your cells may be starved for energy.
   * Over time, high blood glucose levels may hurt your eyes, kidneys, nerves or heart.

   
   Finding out you have diabetes is scary. But don't panic. Having diabetes is serious, but people with diabetes can live long, healthy, happy lives.

3. Gestational Diabetes : Pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high blood sugar (glucose) levels during pregnancy are said to have gestational diabetes.

   Gestational diabetes starts when your body is not able to make and use all the insulin it needs for pregnancy. Without enough insulin, glucose cannot leave the blood and be changed to energy. Glucose builds up in the blood to high levels. This is called hyperglycemia.

4. Pre Diabetes : Before people develop type 2 diabetes, they almost always have "pre-diabetes" -- blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. Recent research has shown that some long-term damage to the body, especially the heart and circulatory system, may already be occurring during pre-diabetes.

   Research has also shown that if you take action to manage your blood glucose when you have pre-diabetes, you can delay or prevent type 2 diabetes from ever developing.

How to Tell if You Have Pre-Diabetes

While diabetes and pre-diabetes occur in people of all ages and races, some groups have a higher risk for developing the disease than others. There are two different tests your doctor can use to determine whether you have pre-diabetes: the fasting blood glucose test (FPG) or the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The blood glucose levels measured after these tests determine whether you have a normal metabolism, or whether you have pre-diabetes or diabetes. If your blood glucose level is abnormal following the FPG, you have impaired fasting glucose (IFG); if your blood glucose level is abnormal following the OGTT, you have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

His doctor sent Mr. Shah for a glucose tolerance check. Mr. Shah drank a set amount of glucose; his blood glucose two hours later was 173mg/dl. Normal is under 140mg/dl, diabetes is 200 mg/dl or over. Mr. Shah had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

Because so many people with IFG or IGT go on to develop diabetes, IFG and IGT are called pre-diabetes.

Would Mr. Shah be one of those who gets worse and develops diabetes? Or would he be able to shift his blood glucose back to solidly non- diabetic levels?

Pre-diabetes was not Mr. Shah's only problem. He had been treated for high blood pressure for eight years. He was overweight, and he had gained 20 pounds in the last year. He was not physically active. He didn't have healthy cholesterol levels. He had a family history of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. All of these taken together meant that Mr. Shah was at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes and having heart problems in the future.

• Age 45 or older, especially if your BMI is 25 or higher
• Under age 45 but your BMI is 25 or higher plus you have another risk factor for type 2 diabetes: high blood pressure, history of gestational diabetes, a baby weighing more than nine pounds at birth, polycystic ovary syndrome, HDL (good) cholesterol under 35 mg/dl, triglycerides over 250 mg/dl, first-degree relative with diabetes, history of vascular disease, or habitual inactivity.

• Ask your doctor for exercise recommendations (Walking is an excellent exercise for most people and has proven effective in reversing pre-diabetes)
• Redouble your efforts to lose a little weight

TB bacteria become active if the immune system can't stop them from growing. The active bacteria begin to multiply in the body and cause active TB disease. The bacteria attack the body and destroy tissue. If this occurs in the lungs, the bacteria can actually create a hole in the lung. Some people develop active TB disease soon after becoming infected, before their immune system can fight the TB bacteria. Other people may get sick later, when their immune system becomes weak for another reason.
Babies and young children often have weak immune systems. People infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, have very weak immune systems. Other people can have weak immune systems, too, especially people with any of these conditions:

• Complete Blood Count
• ESR
• Adenosine Deaminase
• Mantoux Test
• Chest X Ray
• Sputum AFB

While the most common form of arthritis - osteoarthritis - is most prevalent in people over 60, arthritis in its various forms can start as early as infancy. Some forms affect people in their young-adult years as they are beginning careers and families and still others start during the peak career and child-rearing years.
The common thread among these 100-plus conditions is that they all affect the musculoskeletal system and specifically the joints - where two or more bones meet.
Arthritis-related joint problems include pain, stiffness, inflammation and damage to joint cartilage (the tough, smooth tissue that covers the ends of the bones, enabling them to glide against one another) and surrounding structures. Such damage can lead to joint weakness, instability and visible deformities that, depending on the location of joint involvement, can interfere with the most basic daily tasks such as walking, climbing stairs, using a computer keyboard, cutting your food or brushing your teeth.
For many people with arthritis, however, joint involvement is not the extent of the problem. Many forms of arthritis are classified as systemic, meaning they can affect the whole body. In these diseases, arthritis can cause damage to virtually any bodily organ or system, including the heart, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels and skin. Arthritis-related conditions primarily affect the muscles and the bones.

Anemia occurs when the body produces too few red blood cells, loses too many of them, or if red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced.

There are close to 100 different types of anemia with many causes, including:

Doctors diagnose anemia with the help of a medical history, physical exam and blood tests, including a complete blood count (CBC) to measure levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood.

On average, a normal hemoglobin range should be between 12 and 18 g/dL (grams per deciliter of blood).
Anemia occurs when the number of red blood cells (or the hemoglobin in them) falls below these normal ranges and the body's organs and tissues receive less oxygen than needed to function properly. Although "normal" is something that varies from person to person, if your numbers are below the ranges, then you may be feeling worse than you should.

The treatment of anemia varies greatly depending on the type. Your physician will help you determine the best treatment options, such as diet modification, or nutritional supplements, or medication, if needed.
Treatment for anemia associated with serious diseases tends to focus first on addressing the underlying disease. But if anemia persists or symptoms worsen, treatment may reduce the risk of severe, possibly life-threatening complications and improve quality of life.

Anaemia Profile

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